Puff Daddy was one of Sean Combs’ stage names. He was born in 1970 in Harlem, then a poor black neighbourhood in New York. His father was shot and killed when Sean was just two years old. The family left New York. Sean turned out to be an ambitious boy, having finished university by the age of 20, and went to work at a record production company. After a few years, he founded his own company ‘Bad Boy Entertainment’ with which he made a lot of money that allowed him to live a luxurious life with women, money and drugs.Â
Now listen to the song this post is about:
The lyrics of a song are sometimes a whole story, like ‘I’ll be missing you’ will reveal, behind many songs there is also another story.
The song
One of Sean’s best-known performers was the rapper ‘Notorious B.I.G. He was killed by a gunshot in a dispute between rival groups. Sean wrote this song, a kind of ‘in memoriam’, in response to this event. It was an international hit and Sean’s singing career took off.
The refrain of the song is very poetic
Every step I take Every move I make Every single day, every time I pray I’ll be missing you Thinkin’ of the day When you went away What a life to take, what a bond to break I’ll be missing you (I miss you, B.I.G.)
As is often the case, the song has been covered by other artists. Here is another rather smooth version.
Its style
The actual lyrics are a ‘rap’, as you may have noticed. As I explained in the former post, rap is a musical style, reciting lyrics in a rhythmic way. As such, this is nothing new; medieval troubadours were already doing it. The ‘rap’ we know comes from ‘hip-hop’ (sub)culture, that developed in the 1980s in the Bronx, then also a poor neighborhood in New York.Â
As illustrated by the presentation of Eminem’s songs in the previous post, much rap is opposing (American) society and lyrics are often sexist and glorify violence. The popularity of this genre has grown rapidly and so has the variety of styles. Puff Daddy’s song is gospel rap, having a religious background.
Another hallmark of hip-hop culture is breakdancing. Young people in New York’s black ghettos had few opportunities to make a difference in society. So, they all wanted to become famous rappers or to perform as dancers. Their style is called ‘breakdance’, also popular in the Netherlands in the 1990s. How perfect can it be? Here is an example.
What’s wrong with the song?
But there is something wrong with ‘I’ll be missing you’. Listen to the performance of Sting singing ‘Message in a bottle’ (Paris 2017).
Sting’s song is much older than Puff Daddy’s. Another famous song was found to be plagiarised. A court therefore ruled that all royalties from ‘I’ll be missing you’ would go to Sting until 2023. In 1997, the two men became acquainted, and appeared to like each other. It was decided that from then on, Sting would no longer receive all of his royalties, but ‘only’ an amount of $5,000 per day. They also decided to do a concert together, featuring Faith Evans, the widow of Notorious B.I.G. You can look and listen to this performance here:
Covers
‘l’ll be missing you’ is also a favorite song of amateur choirs. Finally, you might listen and look at an example
What do you think of this performance, compared to the earlier chorus I showed?
Only a few decades ago, both parties in the US Congress disqualified rap as a symptom of the destruction of American values. This because of its coarse language, hatred of women and gays and barely concealed calls for the use of violence. Anno 2024, much seems to have changed. Headlines report that the Spanish swimmers-in-law impressed at the Olympics with a compilation of songs by US rapper Eminem. The swimmers’ performance is a nice opportunity to get a first impression of this kind of music. Find the show here.
What is rap?
Rapping is a vocal style in which the performer rhythmically utters lyrics in rhyme, often against the background of electronic sounds and synthesised (drum)beat. In many songs, ‘samples’ from popular artists provide the musical accompaniment. Rap developed as a part of the hip-hop subculture in the 1970s – along with breakdance and graffiti – the epicenter being the Bronx in New York. ‘Rapper’s Delight’ by the Sugarhill Gang from 1979 is the first recorded rap.
Indulging in hip-hop culture was a way for inner-city black youths to cope with the lack of opportunities.
What is rap about?
In the 1980s was an expression of living conditions in the slums and resistance to them. Leading examples from that time are ‘Fight the Power‘ by Public Enemy , ‘Fuck the police’ by N.W.A. Watch and listen to anoyher example, ‘The Message’ by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five below.
Following on from this politically-oriented rap, ‘gangsta rap’ emerged, which sang the violent lifestyle of black youths, called on them to rebel and caused great controversy. Later, rappers focused their probes on gays and women in general. A content analysis of rapper Tyler, the Creator’s album ‘Goblin’ showed 213 instances of homophobic language. Another content analysis of rap lyrics showed that 22% contained violence against women, including images of sexual assault, murder and rape. Almost 50% featured swearing, shaming and distrust and 67% depicted women as objects for men to possess, use and abuse.
Eminem
Eminem, born Marshall Bruce Matters III in St. Joseph, Missouri, is raised by his mother Debbie in poverty-stricken conditions in a working-class black neighbourhood in Detroit. Later, Marshall’s girlfriend Kim Scott also is moving in with them. They were one of three white families on the block and regular victims of violence. At the age of 14, Marshall starts rapping with his friend Mike and together they cal themselves ‘M&M’. After Mike disappeared from the picture, Marshall bastards that to Eminem. He appears to possess a special sense of language. He writes long lyrics and looks for words that rhyme or have sound affinity for every syllable. Modest as he is, he barely gets out of words in interviews, but in possession of pen and paper, sentences, metaphors and complex rhyme schemes emerge, often over more than one syllable. In the meantime, he consistently maintains beat and rhythm in a way that many a writer or poet can learn from. In doing so, he proves to be among the greatest rappers ever. However, success was a long time coming.
His first album ‘Infinite‘ dates to 1995 and revolves around the arguments with his mother to raise his newborn daughter Haillie with little money. By then, the family had moved into a mobile home in a crime-ridden area. He sells 1,000 copies of the music cassette from the loading bay of his car and works as a dishwasher, gets fired repeatedly, becomes addicted and attempts suicide. After taking part in the Rap Olympics, better times are breaking out. Here, the already famous Dr. Dre discovers him and gives him a record deal, although the fact that Eminem was white arouses a lot of resistance in the black community.
I have peppered this post with a few of Eminem’s songs, taken from some of his best-selling albums. The first one is ‘Guilty conscience’, from the Slim Shady LP (1999). Eventually, sales of his albums will make him a multimillionaire. Like many other rappers, he is criticised for the violent content of his songs and the hatred of gays and women that emanates from them. In ‘Guilty conscience’, which you can listen to and watch now, it mainly revolves around criminal behavior and violence.
In the music video, Eminem (the bad conscience) and Dr. Dre (the good conscience) rap about dealing with the temptation of criminal behavior, such as a man about to rob a liquor store, a student’s urge to have sex with an underage girl at a frat party, and a construction worker’s intention to kill his wife after he catches her cheating with another man. Eminem and Dr. Dre finally agree that this is the best solution. In some versions of the video, the murder has been removed and only the shot is audible.
Violence, homophobia and misogyny
Violent lyrics, homophobia and misogyny crop up in all of Eminem’s albums. Another example: In the song ’97 Bonnie & Clide on ‘The Slim Shady LP’ (1999), he disposes of his wife’s body. The song “Criminal” on his third album The Marshall Mathers LP (2000), includes lines like, “My words are like a dodger with a jagged edge, That’ll stab you in the head, whether you’re a fag or les’, Or a homosex, hermaph or a trans-a-vest, Pants or dress, hate fags”
Listen and watch ‘Criminal’ on the Marshall Mathers LP (2001) here
Eleven of this album’s 14 tracks include derogatory names for women like “bitch” and “ho(e)” (derived from whore), sexual objectification of women, legitimisation of violence against women, mistrust of women, belittling of sex workers and glorification of pimping. Other rappers, musicians in general and anyone else who has fallen into disgrace with Eminem are also mercilessly put in their place.
Personal struggle
Below you can listen and watch the song ‘Lose yourself’ on the album ‘8 mile’ (2002) Many critics consider this Eminem’s best song and he spent 12 weeks at the top of the ‘Billboard Hot 100’. The song is autobiographical and depicts the struggles he had to overcome to earn respect from other rappers. Joe Biden used the song during his 2020 campaign.
The ‘method’ Eminem
Eminem has so far released 50 singles and 13 albums, which – apart from Infinite – have been huge sales successes. A total of 220 million records have been sold and his music videos have been viewed more than 10 billion times on YouTube. Eminem has won 15 Grammy Awards, eight American Music Awards and 17 Billboard Music Awards. Billboard named him the “Artist of the Decade (2000-2009)“. It is not surprising then that he wrote the song ‘Rap God’ in 2013. It appeared on the album The Marshall Mathers LP2.
From his first albums, Eminem has created a murderous dirt-spouting ‘alter ego’ named Slim Shady. Against this extravagant anti-hero, he set himself – Marshall Mathers – as an introverted autobiographer. At the start of the millennium, Slim Shady was the embodiment of the rebellion of an entire generation of young people. By no means exclusively in the slums of US cities, but increasingly worldwide.
A song like ‘My name is’ (Slim Shady) (1999), which you can listen to and watch now, is mixing humor with steely verbiage that more than justifies the ‘Parental Advisory Explicit Content’ sticker.
Eminem has maintained dialogues with his ‘alter ego’ for more than 25 years. In those years, some of the verbiage from the early days of rap has become part of standard language, at least on the street and some of its shock effect has disappeared. In his latest album (2024) ‘The Death of Slim Shady (Coup de Grâce). Listen to ‘Guilt conscience 2’ on the album ‘The Death of Slim Shady’ (Coup de Grâce).
In this song, Eminem accuses Slim Shady of being the cause of all the controversies he has caused and the resulting damage to his career. Eminem decides that the scoundrel must die, after he has been washed over by a canon of swear words and insults. After this, Eminem kills Slim.
The song ‘Houdini’ illustrates why Eminem is so successful. His music videos are attractively designed and usually based on ear-catching samples from other artists. In this case, it is the Steve Miller Band’s song Abracadabra. Despite what I consider to be the poison-black world he sings about; humor is not lacking. Undisputable, the album’s raunchy lyrics and intricate wordplay show that he is still on a lonely high as a rapper. Check out ‘Houdini’ here, also from Eminem’s latest album ‘The Death of Slim Shady (Coup de Grâce)’ (2024)
Cultural background
Scholars believe that hip hop is rooted in cultures with predominantly conservative views of masculinity and femininity and that these can lead to condemnation of those who do not conform to them. This applies to US culture much more strongly than European culture, for example.
The original hip-hop subculture in poor American neighborhoods puts the ‘masculinity’ of the black heterosexual on a pedestal and in parallel degrades women and homosexuality. In his 2006 documentary Hip-Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes from 2006, which you can watch here, Byron Hurt explores the relationships between hip-hop, masculinity, misogyny (hate against women) and homophobia. After conducting dozens of interviews, Hurt sees a pattern of homophobia, the objectification of women and the mutual struggle for being ‘on the throne’ between men, all of which contribute to how masculinity is validated. The acceptance of rape is then considered as an ‘appropriate response’ to women who challenge male dominance, refuse sexual advances or ‘offend’ men. At the same time, some women nevertheless seem unable to disassociate themselves from featuring ‘wrong men’. In ‘Love the Way You Lie’ on the album Relapse (2010), Eminem and Rihanna sing of such a depraved relationship.
Hip hop grew to become the US best-selling music genre from the turn of the millennium. Its popularity has long since ceased to be limited to disadvantaged residents of slum neighbourhoods. Eventually hip hop has spread worldwide among all social groups and even ages. I wonder whether the appreciation of the songs of Eminem and other famous rappers like Jay-Z has become detached from their content. While writing this post, this question kept coming up as I was writing this post and also how this might be possible
Gourdine and Lemmons’ study, titled “Perceptions of Misogyny in Hip Hop and Rap: What Do the Youths Think?” is helping when answering this question. 64% of all children and teenagers in the US report listening to rap songs daily. There appears to be a strong correlation between their age and the extent to which they recognise its violent slant, misogyny and homophobia. Raps are often incomprehensible, especially for those whose first language is not English. As listeners get older, appreciation for rap as a musical form often persists, despite growing awareness of the negative aspects of its content, comparable with violence in movies.
That the content of a rap and its appreciation can diverge is apparent in the video of Eminem’s live performance at the 2020 Oscars ceremony in front of an enthusiastic audience. One might assume that the majority does not hate women and is not homophobic or violent. The same goes for the Spanish swimmers I started this post with.
As a 52-year-old, Eminem is at a turning point in his career. His ranting alter ego has been discarded and continuing the old path, littered with violent scenes, fighting feuds with colleagues, misplaced language towards gays and women, seems like a dead end. He himself puts into perspective the misogyny and homophoby attributed to his raps. For instance, he attributes the frequent use of the term ‘faggot’ (flicker) to his use of slang, in which this term is not necessarily a condemnation. Nevertheless, he apologises for having hurt people. “I don’t have problems with anyone…”
Everyone is watching to see what this means for a possible 14de album. For now, the amount of Eminem’s albums in circulation worldwide still gives plenty of cause for both adoration and disgust.
John William Coltrane (nicknamed ‘Trane’) is born on 23 September 1926 in Hamlet (North Carolina, U.S.) and he died on 17 July 1967 in Huntington (New York, U.S.). He played clarinet and tenor in a local marching band. Later, he switched to saxophone. After high school, he found work in a sugar refinery to supplement the family’s income, which had by now moved to Philadelphia.
1940s
On his 17de birthday, he was given a saxophone. June 1945 was an important moment in his career; it was then that he first heard Charlie Parker play, about which he later said, “the first time I heard Bird play, it hit me right between the eyes.”
In the army, his musical talent was soon discovered, and he joined the Melody Masters, the swing band at his base in Hawai. His first record recording was in 1946, where he played several jazz standards and bebop songs. Back in Philadelphia, thanks to a scholarship, he took courses in music theory and saxophone. While playing in various bands, he continued to practice fanatically.
1950s
Meanwhile, Charlie Parker had also discovered his talent and Coltrane regularly played with him as a freelancer, as did Dizzie Gillespie and Johnny Hodges. In 1955, Miles Davis invited him to join his quintet when it was coming back from his heroin addiction. With this quintet, Coltrane recorded the albums Cookin’, Relaxin’, Workin’and Steamin’ (with the Miles Davis Quintet).
From ‘Relaxin’, you can listen here to a live performance in Zurich by Coltrane and Davis in ‘If I Were a Bell’. The recording dates from 1961.
The quintet ceased to exist after several years, now because of Coltrane’s heroin addiction.
In 1957, Coltrane teams up with Thelonius Monk, but due to various contractual obligations, a joint album never materialised. Only in 2005, a good recording of a concert in November 1957 surfaced and an album was produced after all: ‘Thelonius Monk Quartet With John Coltrane at Carnegie Hall’. This album was highly acclaimed. Newsweek spoke of the “musical equivalent of the discovery of a new Mount Everest”. The album shows how Monk gives all the space to Coltrane and subtly supports his solos. Listen to ‘Sweet and Lovely'(1957):
In 1957, Coltrane resumes collaboration with Miles Davis, who perfected the style he had already practised with Monk, i.e. rapid succession of notes, fitting within a predefined sequence of chords. At this time, Daves’ albums ‘Milestones’ and ‘Kind of Blue’ were also recorded.
1960s
Free jazz
In the early 1960s, Coltrane recorded the album ‘Giant Steps’ (1960). In the history of jazz, this album rivals Davis’ Kind of Blue’. This album has a trickier sequence of patterns of notes than any jazz song. Listening to the title track ‘Giant steps’ while watching an animation of the notes flying by is fascinating. ‘Giant steps’ is compulsory practice material for conservatory students.
Of a very different nature is ‘Naima‘, a tone poem dedicated to his wife. This also applies to two other songs referring to family members: ‘Cousin Mary’ and Syeeda’s Song Flute’, dedicated to his stepdaughter. Watch and listen to the latter song. Played here by the Colorado State University Jazz Ensemble:
A recording like this gives a good idea of what the song sounds like on the record. The difference, of course, is that the song on the album is largely improvised and this version is a transcription of it.
Of slightly later date are ‘The John Coltrane Quartet Plays’ (1965) and ‘Ascension’ (1965). You watch and listen to part of this album here.
A middle ground?
Many critics were decidedly negative about Coltrane’s development. They spoke of ‘anti-jazz’ and fellow musicians, including Miles Davis, also disliked it. Coltrane took this criticism to heart and the style of the ‘Classic Quartet’, as it was called, becomes more harmonic. This is especially evident in the albums ‘Ballads‘(1961).
In live performances, he continues to push the boundaries between jazz standards and more free forms of jazz. This is evident on albums such as ‘Impressions’ (1963), ‘Live at Birdland’ (1963) and ‘Newport‘(1963). You can watch and listen to ‘I want to talk about you’, from the latter album, here.
Spiritual inspiration
In 1964, the ‘Classic Quartet’ produced its bestseller, ‘A Love Supreme’. This work is an ode to Coltrane’s love for and belief in God. For this, Coltrane thoroughly immersed himself in the writings of various religions. His spiritual inspiration is continued in other albums, such as ‘Ascention‘ (1965), ‘Om‘ (1965) and ‘Meditations‘ (1966) . ‘Om’ is main symbol of Hinduism and refers to the infinity of the universe.
In these albums, Coltrane deepened his commitment to avant-garde jazz, inspired by Ornette Coleman, Albert Ayler and Sun Ra. He asked Pharoah Sanders to join the quartet and attracted a second drummer. Other members of the quartet could no longer follow Coltrane’s path and left the band.
Coltrane died unexpectedly of liver cancer at the age of 40, after which the African Orthodox Church canonised him. Coltrane is depicted as one of the saints on and 280m2 icon – the ‘Dancing Saints’- in St Gregory of Nyssa Episcopal Church in San Francisco.
Coltrane’s sons continue his musical work. I end with a song taken from the album ‘Expression’, played by Ravi Coltrane’s quartet in 2008.
‘Chasing Trane: The John Coltrane Documentary’ is a 2016 film directed by John Scheinfeld. You can watch it here
Music: Listen, Look and Enjoy 